Blockchain technology in electronic voting systems has numerous advantages in terms of improving security and optimizing the efficiency of the system. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 53 peer-reviewed research articles on blockchain-based voting systems published between 2020 and 2025. To conduct the systematic literature study, the review methodology presented in this article describes the design frameworks implemented in existing systems and applies 12 evaluation criteria for conducting a systematic comparative analysis. The review further examines how the design of voting protocols, blockchain frameworks, and cryptographic techniques improves ballot secrecy, voter privacy, and system scalability. Based on the findings, several strategies for system implementation have been outlined, highlighting the impact of platform selection and consensus design on system performance. The study concludes by highlighting unresolved technical and operational limitations, underscoring the need for optimized, scalable, and trustworthy solutions for next-generation electronic voting systems.

[1] Abed H., Al-Zoubi O., Alayan H., and Alshboul M., “Towards Maintaining Confidentiality and Anonymity in Secure Blockchain-based E- Voting,” Cluster Computing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 4635-4657, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586- 023-04194-5

[2] Abo-Akleek F., Mowafi M., Taqieddin E., and Shatnawi A., “Leveraging Blockchain for Robust and Transparent E-Voting Systems,” Cyber Security and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 1-9, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csa.2025.100086

[3] Abrar I. and Sheikh J., “Current Trends of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities,” Discover Internet of Things, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1- 17, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s43926-024-00058-5

[4] Abuidris Y., Kumar R., Yang T., and Onginjo J., “Secure Large‐Scale E‐Voting System Based on Blockchain Contract Using a Hybrid Consensus Model Combined with Sharding,” ETRI Journal, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 357-370, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2019-0362

[5] Ahn B., “Implementation and Early Adoption of an Ethereum-based Electronic Voting System for the Prevention of Fraudulent Voting,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1-16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052917 664 

[6] Alshehri A., Baza M., Srivastava G., Rajeh W., and et al., “Privacy-Preserving E-Voting System Supporting Score Voting Using Blockchain,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-18, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021096

[7] Alvi S., Nasir Uddin M., Islam L., and Ahamed S., “DVTChain: A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Mechanism to Ensure the Security of Digital Voting System Voting System,” Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 6855-6871, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.06.014

[8] Balaji S., Vishagasudan S., and Ezhilarasi K., “Online Voting System Using Block Chain Technology,” International Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 6, no. S4, pp. 3978-3987, 2022. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.10425

[9] Baothman F., Saeedi K., Aljuhani K., Alkatheri S., and et al., “Computational Intelligence Approach for Municipal Council Elections Using Blockchain,” Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 625-639, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2021.014827

[10] Baranski S., Szymanski J., Sobecki A., Gil D., and Mora H., “Practical I-Voting on Stellar Blockchain,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 21, pp. 1-22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217606

[11] Bhutta M., Khwaja A., Nadeem A., Ahmad H., and et al., “A Survey on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 61048-61073, 2021. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9402747

[12] Chaabane F., Ktari J., Frikha T., and Hamam H., “Low Power Blockchained E-Vote Platform for University Environment,” Future Internet, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 1-17, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14090269

[13] Chafiq T., Azmi R., and Mohammed O., “Blockchain-based Electronic Voting Systems: A Case Study in Morocco,” International Journal of Intelligent Networks, vol. 5, pp. 38-48, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2024.01.004

[14] Chaisawat S. and Vorakulpipat C., “Towards Achieving Personal Privacy Protection and Data Security on Integrated E-Voting Model of Blockchain and Message Queue,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 1- 14, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8338616

[15] Christyono B., Widjaja M., and Wicaksana A., “Go-Ethereum for Electronic Voting System Using Clique as Proof-of-Authority,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1565- 1572, 2021. http://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v19i5.20415

[16] Clarke R., McGuire L., Baza M., Rasheed A., and Alsabaan M., “Online Voting Scheme Using IBM Cloud-Based Hyperledger Fabric with Privacy- Preservation,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 1-19, 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/2076- 3417/13/13/7905

[17] Damavandi S. and Nogoorani S., “An Electronic Voting Scheme Based on Blockchain Technology and Zero-Knowledge Proofs,” ISeCure, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 123-133, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22042/isecure.2022.14.3.13

[18] Daramola O. and Thebus D., “Architecture- Centric Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Smart Contract E-Voting for National Elections,” Informatics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics7020016

[19] Faruk M., Alam F., Islam M., and Rahman A., “Transforming Online Voting: A Novel System Utilizing Blockchain and Biometric Verification for Enhanced Security, Privacy, and Transparency,” Cluster Computing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 4015-4034, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-04261-x

[20] Germann M., “Making Votes Count with Internet Voting,” Political Behavior, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1511-1533, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109- 020-09598-2

[21] Ghazinoory S., Mardani A., Maddah-Ali M., and Montazer G., “A Blockchain-Powered E- Cognocracy Model for Democratic Decision Making,” Information Systems and e-Business Management, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 209-246, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-023-00663-x

[22] Granata D., Rak M., Palmiero P., and Pastena A., “A Methodology for Vulnerability Assessment and Threat Modelling of an E-Voting Platform Based on Ethereum Blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 176598-176614, 2024. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10750196

[23] Haldar P., Roy R., and Biswas U., “An Approach Towards Implementing Online Voting System Framework Using Blockchain Technology and Smart Contract,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 2699-2732, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11622-1

[24] Hu H., Ou J., Qian B., Luo Y., and et al., “A Practical Anonymous Voting Scheme Based on Blockchain for Internet of Energy,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2022, pp. 1-15, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4436824

[25] Huang J. and Yan X., “Blockchain Adoption Strategy in E-Commerce Supply Chain with Competing Retailers,” Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, pp. 1-27, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-025-5649-9

[26] Ihm Y. and Kim S., “Development of a Blockchain-based Online Secret Electronic Voting System,” IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, vol. E105.D, no. 8, pp. 1361-1372, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2021EDK0005

[27] Jain A., Gupta N., and Gupta B., “A Survey on A Systematic Review of Frameworks, Performance Metrics, and Threat Analysis in ... 665 Scalable Consensus Algorithms for Blockchain Technology,” Cyber Security and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 1-16, 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.csa.2024.100065

[28] Jayakumari B., Sheeba S., Eapen M., Anbarasi J., and et al., “E-Voting System Using Cloud-Based Hybrid Blockchain Technology,” Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 102-109, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.01.002

[29] Kafhali S., “Blockchain-based Electronic Voting System: Significance and Requirements,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2024, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5591147

[30] Kraavi T. and Willemson J., “Proving Vote Correctness in the IVXV Internet Voting System,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16764-1

[31] Larriba A. and Lopez D., “A Solidity Implementation of TAVS,” Frontiers in Blockchain, vol. 6, pp. 1-10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2023.1105119

[32] Lee C., Neo H., and Teo C., “Secure E-Voting System based on Blockchain Technology,” Journal of System and Management Sciences, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 121-138, 2022. DOI:10.33168/JSMS.2022.0508

[33] Leune K. and Punjwani J., “Enhancing Electronic Voting with a Dual-Blockchain Architecture,” LEDGER, vol. 6, pp. 42-57, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2021.199

[34] Mahalakshmi M., Bhatnagar V., and Pandita K., “Decentralizing Voting: Block Chain Based E- Voting System Using Ethereum Smart Contracts,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Cybersecurity, Gurugram, pp. 1-7, 2024. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10581197

[35] Mahanayak S., Nikhita B., and Bilgaiyan S., “Enhancing E-Voting Security with Quantum- Resistant Encryption: A Blockchain-Based Approach Utilizing Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman and Decentralized Storage,” SN Computer Science, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-02041-3

[36] Mahmud M., Sohan M., Reno S., Sikder M., and Hossain F., “Advancements in Scalability of Blockchain Infrastructure Through IPFS and Dual Blockchain Methodology,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 8383-8405, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s11227-023-05734-x

[37] Majumder S., Ray S., Sadhukhan D., Dasgupta M., and et al., “ECC-EXONUM-eVOTING: A Novel Signature-Based E-Voting Scheme Using Blockchain and Zero Knowledge Property,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 5, pp. 583-598, 2023. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10376464

[38] Malkawi M., Bani Yassein M., and Bataineh A., “Blockchain Based Voting System for Jordan Parliament Elections,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 4325-4335, 2021. https://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/articl e/view/23605

[39] Mestel D., Muller J., and Reisert P., “How Efficient are Replay Attacks against Vote Privacy? A Formal Quantitative Analysis,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 35th Computer Security Foundations Symposium, Haifa, pp. 179-194, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/CSF54842.2022.9979167

[40] Mosley L., Pham H., Guo X., Bansal Y., and et al., “Towards a Systematic Understanding of Blockchain Governance in Proposal Voting: A Dash Case Study,” Blockchain Research and Applications, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100085

[41] Mueller R., Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election: Volume I.U.S. Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/137381 6/download, Last Visited, 2025.

[42] Mwansa P. and Kabaso B., “Improving Election Integrity: Blockchain and Byzantine Generals Problem Theory in Vote Systems,” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1-27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101853

[43] Nakamoto S., “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” SSRN, pp. 1-9, 2008. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3440802

[44] Panja S. and Roy B., “A Secure End-to-End Verifiable E-Voting System Using Blockchain and Cloud Server,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 59, pp. 102815, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102815

[45] Panja S., Bag S., Hao F., and Roy B., “A Smart Contract System for Decentralized Borda Count Voting,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1323-1339, 2020. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9089037

[46] Qizi L. and Kamalovich B., “Blockchain Technology Usage on Intellectual Property Rights,” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue Internationale De Sémiotique Juridique, vol. 38, pp. 363-380, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-024-10224-1

[47] Rajasekaran A., Azees M., and Al-Turjman F., “A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain Technology,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 52, pp. 102039, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-024-00058-5

[48] Razali M., Jamal A., Abdullah F., Zakaria M., and et al., “E-Voting on Ethereum Blockchain,” Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences 666 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 23, No. 4, July 2026 and Engineering Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 186-194, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.50.2.186194

[49] Rupa C., Kumari J., Gadekallu T., and Iwendi C., “Distributed-Ledger-Based Blockchain Technology for Reliable Electronic Voting System with Statistical Analysis,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 1-13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203308

[50] Saeed S., Hadi S., and Hamad A., “Iraqi Paradigm E-Voting System Based on Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform,” Ingénierie Des Systèmes D Information, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 737-745, 2022. https://doi.org/10.18280/isi.270506

[51] Salman S., Al-Janabi N., and Sagheer A., “Valid Blockchain-Based E-Voting Using Elliptic Curve and Homomorphic Encryption,” International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 79-97, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i20.33173

[52] Sammeta N. and Parthiban L., “Blockchain-based Scalable and Secure EHR Data Sharing using Proxy Re-Encryption,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 702-710, 2023. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/20/5/2

[53] Sangraula P. and Adhikari N., “Zero Knowledge Proof on Top of Blockchain for Anonymous and Verifiable E-Voting System,” Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) Series B, vol. 106, pp. 1861-1872, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-025-01198-0

[54] Shekhar C. and Yadav R., “An Innovative and Secured Electronic Voting System Based on Elliptic Curve Signing Approach (ECDSA) and Digital Signatures,” International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 2679- 2684, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-025- 02405-3

[55] Singh A., Ganesh A., Patil R., Kumar S., and et al., “Secure Voting Website Using Ethereum and Smart Contracts,” Applied System Innovation, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1-22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6040070

[56] Singh H. and Sinha A., “A Blockchain Framework for E-Voting,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 83, no. 20, pp. 58875-58889, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17837-x

[57] Singh S., Singh A., Verma S., and Dwivedi R., “Designing a Blockchain-Enabled Methodology for Secure Online Voting System,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things, Bengaluru, pp. 178-184, 2023. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10053410

[58] Somasekhar G., Jinka S., Kanekal C., and Marouthu A., “Digital Voting with Blockchain using Interplanetary File System and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance,” Engineering Technology and Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 19009-19015, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8440

[59] Song J., Moon S., and Jang J., “A Scalable Implementation of Anonymous Voting over Ethereum Blockchain,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1-19, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21123958

[60] Spanos A. and Kantzavelou I., “EtherVote: A Secure Smart Contract-based E-Voting System,” Wireless Networks, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1279-1299, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03818-x

[61] Tang W., Yang W., Tian X., and Yuan S., “Distributed Anonymous E-Voting Method Based on Smart Contract Authentication,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091968

[62] Tanwar S., Gupta N., Kumar P., and Hu Y., “Implementation of Blockchain-based E-Voting System,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 1449-1480, 2023. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-023- 15401-1

[63] Tas R. and Tanrıover O., “A Manipulation Prevention Model for Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673691

[64] Thanga Revathi S., Gayathri A., and Sathya A., “Decentralized E-Voting and Governance System Using Blockchain,” Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, vol. 10, no. 2s, pp. 61-68, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i2s.201

[65] Tripathi G., Abdul Ahad M., and Casalino G., “A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology: Underlying Principles and Historical Background with Future Challenges,” Decision Analytics Journal, vol. 9, pp. 1-21, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100344

[66] Tu S., Hsu C., and You B., “An On-Site Electronic Voting System Using Blockchain and Biometrics,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 808- 818, 2023. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/20/5/13

[67] Umar B., Olaniyi O., Olajide D., and Dogo E., “Paillier Cryptosystem Based ChainNode for Secure Electronic Voting,” Frontiers in Blockchain, vol. 5, pp. 1-11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2022.927013

[68] Vassil K., Solvak M., Vinkel P., Trechsel A., and Alvarez R., “The Diffusion of Internet Voting. Usage Patterns of Internet Voting in Estonia Between 2005 and 2015,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 453-459, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.007

[69] Verma S., Chandra G., and Yadav D., “LVCA: An Efficient Voting-based Consensus Algorithm in A Systematic Review of Frameworks, Performance Metrics, and Threat Analysis in ... 667 Private Blockchain for Enhancing Data Security,” Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, vol. 18, no. 2, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083- 024-01808-6

[70] Vinayachandra. and Krishna P., “Blockchain Based Cryptographic Algorithm for Data Protection in Electronic Voting System,” EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, vol. 11, pp. 1-12, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4108/eetiot.7680

[71] Vladucu M., Dong Z., Medina J., and Rojas-Cessa R., “E-Voting Meets Blockchain: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 23293-23308, 2023. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnu mber=10061373

[72] Yao J., Yang B., Wang T., and Zhang W., “A Distributed Self-Tallying Electronic Voting System Using the Smart Contract,” Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1063- 1076, 2024. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10606192

[73] Zhu G., He D., An H., Luo M., and Peng C., “The Governance Technology for Blockchain Systems: A Survey,” Frontiers of Computer Science, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-023-3113-x