..............................
            ..............................
            ..............................
            
Optimal Dual Cameras Setup for Motion Recognition in Salat Activity
        
        Motion  recognition  has  received  significant  attention  in  recent  years  in  the  area  of  computer  vision  since it  has a 
wide  range  of  potential  application  that  can  be developed. A  wide  variety  of algorithms and  techniques  were  proposed  in  the 
context  of  developing  human  motion  recognition  systems. This paper investigated optimal  dual  sensors  setup  in  motion 
recognition for salat activity by using multisensor which has remained unexplored. Existing works in the related field are able 
to recognise few  salat  movements,  but  not from  the multisensor  perspective  which  is  important  for  better  recognition  and 
analytic  results.  This  research proposed a  solution  that is relevant  to the current scenario where  we deal with  one  of the 
fundamental activities required  for  every  Muslim  which  is  salat. Not  only  carrying  out  salat  with  the  right  actions  will  help 
strengthen  our  relationship  with  Allah Subhanahu Wa  Taʿala (SWT), but also enable  the  formation  of  a  positive  personality, 
mental well-being, and physical health. Firstly, this research identified the best position setup of a dual sensor. Then, Hidden 
Markov  Model was used  to  classify  all movements in salat activity  and  the  data were  trained before the testing  phase. This 
study led to a new way of learning for salat activity which can be further explored and developed. This research contributed a 
new  way  of  learning  by incorporating new  interaction  in  human-computer  interaction.  The  outcome of this  research  will  be 
very useful in validating the salat movements of every Muslim.    
            [1] Ahmed N., “A System for 360 Acquisition and 3D Animation Reconstruction using Multiple RGB-D Cameras,” in Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents, pp. 1-4, 2012.
[2] Albinali F., Goodwin M., and Intille S., “Recognizing Stereotypical Motor Movements in the Laboratory and Classroom: A Case Study with Children on the Autism Spectrum,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Florida, pp. 71-80, 2009.
[3] Berger K., “A State of the Art Report onMultiple RGB-D Sensor Research and on Publicly Available RGB-D Datasets,” Computer Vision and Machine Learning with RGB-D Sensors, Cham, pp. 27-44, 2014.
[4] Berger K., Meister S., Nair R., and Kondermann D., “A State of The Art Report on Kinect Sensor Setups In Computer Vision,” in Proceedings of Time-of-Flight and Depth Imaging, Berlin, pp. 257-272, 2013
[5] Dubois A., Dib A., and Charpillet F., “Using HMMs for Discriminating Mobile From Static Objects in A 3D Occupancy Grid,” in Proceedings of IEEE 23rd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, Boca Raton, pp. 170-176, 2011.
[6] El-Hoseiny M. and Shaban E., “Muslim Prayer Actions Recognition,” in Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering, Dubai, pp. 460-465, 2009.
[7] Hossny M., Filippidis D., Abdelrahman W., Mullins J., Creighton D., and Nahavandi S., “Low Cost Multimodal Facial Recognition Via Kinect Sensors,” in Proceedings of the Land Warfare Conference Potent Land Force for A Joint Maritime Strategy, Melbourne, pp. 77-86, 2012.
[8] Ibrahim F. and Ahmad S., “Assessment of Upper Body Muscle Activity During Salat and Stretching Exercise: A Pilot Study,” in Proceedings of IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics, Hong Kong, pp. 412-415, 2012.
[9] Jaafar N., Ismail N., and Yusoff Y., “An Investigation of Motion Tracking For Solat Movement With Dual Sensor Approach,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 17981-17985, 2015.
[10] Kim J., Choi J., and Koo B., “Calibration of Multi-Kinect and Multi-Camera Setup for Full 3D Reconstruction,” IEEE ISR, Seoul, pp. 2-6, 2013.
[11] Krishnan C., Washabaugh E., and Seetharaman Y., “A Low Cost Real-Time Motion Tracking Approach Using Webcam Technology,” Journal Biomech, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 544-548, 2015.
[12] Martínez-Contreras F., Orrite-Uruñuela C., Herrero-Jaraba E., Ragheb H., and Velastin S., “Recognizing Human Actions Using Silhouette- Based HMM,” in Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, Genova, pp. 43-48, 2009.
[13] Mendoza M. and De La Blanca N., “HMM- Based Action Recognition Using Contour Optimal Dual Cameras Setup for Motion Recognition in Salat Activity 1089 Histograms,” in Proceedings of Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Berlin, pp. 394-401, 2007.
[14] Patsadu O., Watanapa B., Dajpratham P., and Nukoolkit C., “Fall Motion Detection with Fall Severity Level Estimation by Mining Kinect 3D Data Stream,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 378- 388, 2018.
[15] Piyathilaka L. and Kodagoda S., “Gaussian Mixture Based HMM for Human Daily Activity Recognition Using 3D Skeleton Features,” in Proceedings of IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Melbourne, pp. 567-572, 2013.
[16] Reza M., Urakami Y., and Mano Y., “Evaluation Of A New Physical Exercise Taken From Salat (Prayer) As A Short-Duration and Frequent Physical Activity in the Rehabilitation of Geriatric and Disabled Patients,” Annals of Saudi Medicine, vol. 22, no. 3-4, pp. 177-180, 2002.
[17] Saputra M., Widyawan., Putra G., and Santosa I., “Indoor Human Tracking Application Using Multiple Depth-Cameras,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, Depok, pp. 3- 8, 2012.
[18] Satta R., Pala F., Fumera G., and Roli F., “Real- Time Appearance-Based Person Re- Identification Over Multiple Kinecttm Cameras,” in Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications VISAPP, Barcelona, pp. 407-410. 2013.
[19] Varkey J., Pompili D., and Walls T., “Human Motion Recognition Using A Wireless Sensor- Based Wearable System,” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 897- 910, 2011.
[20] Xu W. and Lee E., “Continuous Gesture Recognition System Using Improved HMM Algorithm Based on 2D and 3D Space,” International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 335- 340, 2012.
[21] Yeung K., Kwok T., and Wang C., “Improved Skeleton Tracking by Duplex Kinects : A Practical Approach for Real-Time Applications,” Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-10, 2013.
[22] Yin Y. and Davis R., “Gesture Spotting and Recognition Using Salience Detection and Concatenated Hidden Markov Models,” in Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Sydney, pp. 489-494, 2013.
[23] Zhang L., Sturm J., Cremers D., and Lee D., “Real-Time Human Motion Tracking Using Multiple Depth Cameras,” in Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vilamoura, pp. 2389-2395, 2012. Nor Azrini Jaafar received her bachelor’s Degree in computer science from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2012. Currently, she is doing PhD in Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Her research interests include Human Computer Interaction, motion recognition and machine learning. Nor Azman Ismail received his BSc from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Master of Information Technology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and PhD in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) from Loughborough University. He has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for more than twenty years. He has made various contributions to the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) including research, practice, and education. Kamarul Azmi Jasmi receive his first degree in Islamic Education and Master of Art (Civilization Studies) from Universiti Malaya, and PhD (Islamic Education) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He has been a lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Civilization for about nineteen years. Currently, he has made various contributions to field of the Islamic Education in Malaysia as an author, researcher and editor members. Yusman Azimi Yusoff received his bachelor’s Degree in computer science from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2013. Currently, he is doing PhD in scientific visualization. His research interests include machine learning, data visualization and Internet-of-Things.