The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT)

..............................
..............................
..............................


Random Walk Generation and Classification Within an Online Learning Platform

Advancements in technology have introduced new approaches in teaching and learning processes. Machine learning algorithms analyse and recognize patterns of data and subsequently become able to make reasonable decisions. In playing complex games, such as chess and go, machine learning algorithms have even already outperformed humans. This paper presents a software platform ‘DiscimusRW’ that introduces a novel approach for teaching, learning, and researching random walk theory and getting hands-on experience in machine learning. Random walk theory represents the foundations of many fundamental processes, including the diffusion of substances in solvents, epidemics’ spread, and financial markets’ development. ‘DiscimusRW’ is composed of three main features: 1. Random walk generation using mathematical Equations, 2. Random walk classification using supervised learning algorithms, and 3. Random walk visualization. A few users who explored ‘DiscimusRW’ showed an interest and positive feedback that assured the experiential learning experience achieved using this software, which will therefore reinforce random walk teaching and learning.

[1] Alvarez S., “An Exact Analytical Relation among Recall, Precision, and Classification Accuracy in Information Retrieval,” Boston College, Boston, Technical Report BCCS-02-01, pp. 1-22, 2002.

[2] Berg H., and Berry R., “E. Coli in Motion,” Physics Today, vol. 58, no. 2, 2005.

[3] Brown R., “XXVII. A Brief Account of Microscopical Observations Made in the Months of June, July and August 1827, on the Particles Contained in the Pollen of Plants; and on the General Existence of Active Molecules in Organic and Inorganic Bodies,” The Philosophical Magazine, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 161-173, 1828.

[4] Cover T. and Hart P., “Nearest Neighbor Pattern Classification,” IEEE Trans Information Theory, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 21-27, 1967.

[5] Cybulski J., Clements J., and Prakash M., “Foldscope: Origami-Based Paper Microscope,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 6, 2014.

[6] Downes S., “E-learning 2.0,” ELearn, vol. 2005, no. 10, pp. 1, 2005.

[7] Einstein A., “Über Die Von Der Molekularkinetischen Theorie Der Wärme Geforderte Bewegung,” Annalen der Physik, vol. 4, 1905.

[8] Finn c. and Levine S., “Deep Visual Foresight for Planning Robot Motion,” in Procceding of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Marina Bay Sands, pp. 2786-2793, 2017.

[9] Freund Y., Schapire R., and Abe N., “A Short Introduction to Boosting,” Journal-Japanese Society For Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, no. 771-780, pp. 1612, 1999.

[10] Helbing D. and Molnár P., “Social Force Model for Pedestrian Dynamics,” Physical Review E, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 4282, 1995.

[11] Ho T., “Random Decision Forests,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, pp. 278-282, 1995.

[12] Hu Y. and Tsai J., “Backpropagation Multi-Layer Perceptron for Incomplete Pairwise Comparison Matrices in Analytic Hierarchy Process,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 53-62, 2006.

[13] James R., Witten G., Hastie D., and Tibshirani T., An Introduction to Statistical Learning, with Applications in R, Springer, 2013.

[14] Jong T., Sotiriou S., and Gillet D., “Innovations in STEM Education: The Go-Lab Federation of Online Labs,” Smart Learning Environments, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014.

[15] Jumper J., Evans R., Pritze l, Green T., Figurnov M., Figurnov O., Tunyasuvunakool K., Bates R., Žídek A., Potapenko A., Bridgland A., Meyer C., Kohl S., Ballard A., Cowie A., Romera-Paredes B., Nikolov S., Jain R., Adler J., Back T., Petersen S., Reiman D., Clancy E., Zielinski M., Steinegger M., Pacholska M., Berghammer T., Bodenstein S., Silver D., Vinyals O., Senior A., Kavukcuoglu K., Kohli P., and Hassabis D., “Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with Alphafold,” Nature, vol. 596, no. 7873, pp.583-589, 2021,

[16] Kholodnyy V., Gadêlha H., Cosson J., and Boryshpolets S., “How Do Freshwater Fish Sperm Find the Egg? The Physicochemical Factors Guiding the Gamete Encounters of Externally Fertilizing Freshwater Fish,” Reviews in Aquaculture, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1165-1192, 2020.

[17] Killpack T., Fulmer S., Roden J., Dolce J., and Skow C., “Increased Scaffolding and Inquiry in an Introductory Biology Lab Enhance Experimental Design Skills and Sense of Scientific Ability,” Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 21-2, 2020.

[18] Kolb D., Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development Prentice Hall, 1984.

[19] Krizhevsky A., Sutskever I., and Hinton G., “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 84-90, 2017.

[20] Kumar V., Rajan B., Venkatesan R., and Lecinski J., “Understanding the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Engagement Marketing,” California Management Review, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 135-155 2019.

[21] Langbeheim E., Abrashkin A., Steiner A., Edri H., Safran S., and Yerushalmi E., “Shifting the learning gears: Redesigning A Project-Based Course on Soft Matter Through the Perspective of Constructionism,” Physical Review Physics Education Research, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.020147, 2020.

[22] Lippmann R., “Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition,” Neural Computation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-38, 1989.

[23] Moor J., “The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years,” AI Magazine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 87-87, 2006.

[24] Mori S., Suen C., and Yamamoto K., “Historical Review of OCR Research and Development,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1029- 1058, 1992.

[25] Mousa A., Auth T., Samara A., and Odeh S., “Discimus RW: An E-Learning Web Application for Classifying Random Walks with Machine Learning,” in Proceeding of the 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology, Muscat, pp. 1-5, 2021.

[26] Muñoz-Gil G., Volpe G., García-March M., Metzler R., Lewenstein M., and Manzo C., “The 542 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3A, Special Issue 2022 Anomalous Diffusion Challenge: Single Trajectory Characterisation as A Competition,” in Proceeding of the Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence, California, pp. 42-51, 2020.

[27] Patra D., Sengupta S., Duan W., Zhang H., Pavlick R., and Sen A., “Intelligent, Self-Powered, Drug Delivery Systems,” Nanoscale, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1273-1283, 2013.

[28] Peng W., Chen J., and Zhou H., “An implementation of ID3-Decision Tree Learning Algorithm,” From web. Arch. Usyd. Edu. Au/Wpeng/Decisiontree2. Pdf Retrieved date: May, vol. 13, 2009.

[29] Phillip J., Zamponi N., Phillip M., Daya J., McGovern S., Williams W., Tschudi K., Jayatilaka H., Wu P., Walston J., and Wirtz D., “Fractional Re-Distribution Among Cell Motility States During Ageing,” Communications Biology, vol. 4, no. 1, PP. 1-9, 2021.

[30] Raissi M. and Karniadakis G., “Hidden Physics Models: Machine Learning of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 357, PP. 125-141, 2018.

[31] Rish, “An Empirical Study of the Naive Bayes Classifier,” in Proceeding of the IJCAI 2001 workshop on empirical methods in artificial intelligence, Seattle, pp. 41-46, 2001.

[32] Saygin A., Cicekli I., and Akman V., “Turing test: 50 years later,” Minds and Machines, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 463-518, 2000.

[33] Shahzad A., Hassan R., Aremu A., Hussain A., and Lodhi R., “Effects of COVID-19 in E-learning on Higher Education Institution Students: the Group Comparison between Male and Female,” Quality and Quantity, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 805-826, 2021.

[34] Shen D., Wu G., and Suk H., “Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis,” Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 19, pp.221, 2017.

[35] Singh M., “U-SCRUM: An Agile Methodology for Promoting Usability,” in Proceeding of the Agile 2008 Conference, Toronto, pp. 555-560 2008.

[36] Staacks S., Hütz S., Heinke, and Stampfer C., “Advanced Tools for Smartphone-Based Experiments: Phyphox,” Physics Education, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 045009, 2018.

[37] Tharwat A., “Classification Assessment Methods,” Applied Computing and Informatics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 168-192, 2020.

[38] Tian Y., Pei K., Jana S., and Ray B., “DeepTest: Automated Testing of Deep-Neural-Network- Driven Autonomous Cars,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering, pp.303-314, 2018.

[39] Tisue S. and Wilensky U., “Netlogo: A Simple Environment for Modeling Complexity,” in Proceeding of the Conference on Complex Systems, pp. 16-21, 2004.

[40] Tsangaratos P. and Ilia I., “Comparison of a Logistic Regression and Na\"\Ive Bayes Classifier in Landslide Susceptibility Assessments: the Influence of Models Complexity and Training Dataset Size,” Catena (Amst), vol. 145, pp. 164- 179, 2016.

[41] TÜYSÜZOĞLU G. and Birant D., “Enhanced Bagging (Ebagging): A novel Approach for Ensemble Learning,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 17, no. 4, 2020.

[42] Urh M., Vukovic G., Jereb E., and Pintar R., “The Model for Introduction of Gamification into E- learning in Higher Education,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 197, pp. 388-397, 2015.

[43] Vos B., Blesa E., and Betz T., “Designing a High- Resolution, LEGO-Based Microscope for an Educational Setting,” The Biophysicist, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 29-40, 2021.

[44] “Complexity Explorables.” https://www.complexity-explorables.org/, last visited 22021.